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What are letter-sound correspondences?

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Letter-sound correspondences involve knowledge of

  • the sounds represented by the letters of the alphabet
  • the letters used to represent the sounds

Why is knowledge of letter-sound correspondences important?

Knowledge of letter-sound correspondences is essential in reading and writing

  • In order to read a word:
    • the learner must recognize the letters in the word and associate each letter with its sound
  • In order to write or type a word:
    • the learner must break the word into its component sounds and know the letters that represent these sounds.

Knowledge of letter-sound correspondences and phonological awareness skills are the basic building blocks of literacy learning.

These skills are strong predictors of how well students learn to read.

What sequence should be used to teach letter-sound correspondence?

Letter-sound correspondences should be taught one at a time. As soon as the learner acquires one letter sound correspondence, introduce a new one.

We suggest teaching the letters and sounds in this sequence

  • a, m, t, p, o, n, c, d, u, s, g, h, i, f, b, l, e, r, w, k, x, v, y, z, j, q

This sequence was designed to help learners start reading as soon as possible

  • Letters that occur frequently in simple words (e.g., a, m, t) are taught first.
  • Letters that look similar and have similar sounds (b and d) are separated in the instructional sequence to avoid confusion.
  • Short vowels are taught before long vowels.
  • Lower case letters are taught first since these occur more frequently than upper case letters.

The sequence is intended as a guideline. Modify the sequence as required to accommodate the learner’s

  • prior knowledge
  • interests
  • hearing
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Is it appropriate to teach letter names as well as letter sounds?

Start by teaching the sounds of the letters, not their names. Knowing the names of letters is not necessary to read or write. Knowledge of letter names can interfere with successful decoding.

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  • For example, the learner looks at a word and thinks of the names of the letters instead of the sounds.

Sample goal for instruction in letter-sound correspondences

The learner will

  • listen to a target sound presented orally
  • identify the letter that represents the sound
  • select the appropriate letter from a group of letter cards, an alphabet board, or a keyboard with at least 80% accuracy

Instructional Task

Here is an example of instruction to teach letter-sound correspondences

  • The instructor
    • introduces the new letter and its sound
    • shows a card with the letter m and says the sound “mmmm”

After practice with this letter sound, the instructor provides review

Imaging
  • The instructor
    • says a letter sound
  • The learner
    • listens to the sound
    • looks at each of the letters provided as response options
    • selects the correct letter
      • from a group of letter cards,
      • from an alphabet board, or
      • from a keyboard.

Instructional Materials

Various materials can be used to teach letter-sound correspondences

  • cards with lower case letters
  • an alphabet board that includes lower case letters
  • a keyboard adapted to include lower case letters

Here is an example of an adapted keyboard that might be used for instruction once a student knows many of the letter-sound correspondences.

The learner must

  • listen to the target sound – “mmmm”
  • select the letter – m – from the keyboard
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Instructional Procedure

The instructor teaches letter-sound correspondences using these procedures:

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  • Model
    • The instructor demonstrates the letter-sound correspondence for the learner.
  • Guided practice
    • The instructor provides scaffolding support or prompting to help the learner match the letter and sound correctly.
    • The instructor gradually fades this support as the learner develops competence.
  • Independent practice
    • The learner listens to the target sound and selects the letter independently.
    • The instructor monitors the learner’s responses and provides appropriate feedback.

Student Example

Krista is 8 years old in this video

  • Krista has multiple challenges, including a hearing impairment, a visual impairment, and a motor impairment. She also has a tracheostomy.
  • We started to work with Krista when she was 8 years old. At that time, she was in a special education class at school and was not receiving literacy instruction.
  • She uses sign approximations to communicate with others. She also uses a computer with speech output (a Mercury with Speaking Dynamically Pro software). Because of her hearing impairment, she does best when she receives augmented input (sign and speech).
  • This video was taken after 3 weeks of instruction.
  • Krista is learning letter-sound correspondences. So far she has been introduced to the letter sounds for m and b
    • Janice is providing instruction; Marissa, a graduate student at Penn State, is learning about literacy instruction and helping to collect data; and Krista’s parents and nurse are watching the session, excited about her progress.
    • Janice
      • provides an array of letter cards as response options
      • says one of the target letter sounds
    • Krista
      • listens to the sound
      • points to the letter that makes the target sound
  • After 3 weeks (approximately 3 hours) of instruction, Krista has successfully learned the letter sounds – m and b.
  • Over the next months, we introduced the other letter sounds gradually. We also worked on recognition of high interest sight words, decoding skills, and shared reading activities.
  • Krista made excellent progress in all activities. Click to learn more about Krista’s success learning literacy skills despite the many challenges she faced.

Pointers

There are a wide range of fonts. These fonts use different forms of letters, especially the letter a.

Devices

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  • Initially use a consistent font in all instructional materials
  • Later, as the learner develops competence, introduce variations in font.

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Last Updated: February 19, 2019